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American English

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American English is the set of English language varieties native to the United States. It serves as the most widely spoken language in the country. It is the common language for government, education, and commerce across all 50 states. It is also used in the District of Columbia and most U.S. territories, except for Puerto Rico.

Population speaking English at home by PUMA
Population speaking English at home by PUMA

Since the late 20th century, this form of English has become the most influential version of the language worldwide. It is characterized by unique patterns in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. These features make it distinct from other global forms of English.

Linguists often discuss a concept known as General American. This is not one single, specific accent. Instead, it is a spectrum of accents that lack strong local, ethnic, or cultural markers. Many people associate this sound with highly educated speech or broadcast mass media. Certain regions, such as the West or the North Midland, possess native accents that fall into this category.

USA states english official language
USA states english official language

Recent studies suggest General American is expanding. It is gradually replacing regional accents in urban centers like New York City and Philadelphia. Many younger Americans are moving toward this nationwide norm rather than using traditional local features.

Even General American is currently undergoing evolution. Linguists have identified new features in speakers born since the late 20th century. These include a merger of low-back vowels and a related vowel shift spreading across the nation. Phonological features, or accent patterns, also distinguish American English from British English. One major feature is rhoticity, which is the pronunciation of all historical 'r' sounds. While many British accents are non-rhotic, American accents generally preserve this sound. Other features include T and D flapping, where words like 'metal' and 'medal' sound identical.

Non-RhoticityUSA
Non-RhoticityUSA

Vowel sounds also play a significant role in American dialects. Many Americans participate in the cot-caught merger, making those words homophones. Others experience the Mary-marry-merry merger, where these three words sound the same. There is also a common three-way merger involving the vowels in words like baht, bot, and bought. Additionally, American English features the raising and gliding of pre-nasal vowels. This means a word like 'man' has a higher, tenser vowel sound than 'map.' These complex shifts help define the diverse sounds of the American landscape.

The history of American English began with British colonization. The first waves of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century. Further migrations occurred throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. In the early colonies, settlers brought many different dialects from the British Isles. Through a process called dialect leveling, these various varieties mixed together. This made the English spoken in the Thirteen Colonies more homogeneous than the dialects in Britain. By the end of the 17th century, English was already the predominant language in the colonies.

As the nation grew, the vocabulary expanded through contact with other cultures. Early colonists borrowed names for local flora and fauna from Native American languages. Words like raccoon, moose, and squash entered the lexicon from Algonquian sources. Immigrants from Europe also contributed many terms. For example, 'cookie' comes from Dutch, while 'kindergarten' is German. Spanish influence is also significant, particularly regarding food. Terms like cilantro, queso, and guacamole are used widely due to Mexican culinary influence.

Population speaking English at home by PUMA
Population speaking English at home by PUMA

Innovation and industry have also driven linguistic change. The rise of the railroad and the automobile created many new terms. Words like truck, gasoline, and freeway became standard. American English also shows a tendency to use nouns as verbs. People might use 'interview,' 'vacuum,' or 'profile' as actions. Many words that are now global, such as 'jazz' or 'hijacking,' began as American slang. This constant adaptation shows how the language reflects the changing technology and social structures of the United States.

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File:Non-RhoticityUSA.png
Non-RhoticityUSA.png
File:Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png
Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png
File:USA states english official language.svg
USA states english official language.svg
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