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Age of Revolution

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The Age of Revolution was a transformative era from the late 18th to the mid-19th centuries. During this time, revolutionary movements reshaped Europe and the Americas. This period marked a shift from absolutist monarchies to representative governments. These new governments relied on written constitutions to define their power. It also saw the rise of nation states, where people shared a common identity.

Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851
Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851

The era was driven by the Enlightenment, a movement of new intellectual ideas.

Enlightenment thinkers promoted several core principles that fueled these changes. They emphasized the equality of all men and equality before the law. This meant that courts should be unbiased and treat everyone the same. Another major idea was the link between personal freedom and property rights. Philosophers like Montesquieu argued that owning property was essential to liberty. Revolutionaries also sought to limit the power of established churches. They wanted to replace old aristocracies with systems based on liberalism and republicanism.

The American Revolution (1765–1783) is often seen as the starting point. This conflict led to the independence of the Thirteen Colonies from Britain. It resulted in the creation of the United States of America. The new nation used a system of separation of powers and checks and balances. It also protected rights like free speech, the press, and religious practice.

Bastille-day-belfast-1791
Bastille-day-belfast-1791

France, the Netherlands, and Spain provided assistance to the American colonies. This success proved that a radical new government could work in practice.

In 1789, the French Revolution began, bringing radical social upheaval to Europe. The French state was nearly bankrupt due to expensive wars and bad harvests. This crisis led the King to convene the Estates-General in May 1789. This assembly included the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.

Prise de la Bastille, le peuple entre
Prise de la Bastille, le peuple entre

Popular resentment grew against the privileges of the upper classes. The revolution eventually spread through Europe via various wars. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France. He conquered much of continental Europe and introduced a civil code. However, his military occupation triggered national rebellions in places like Spain and Germany.

Following Napoleon's defeat, European powers tried to restore the old order. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, leaders formed the Holy Alliance. Their goal was to prevent future revolutions and restore monarchies. Despite this, the momentum for change continued in the Atlantic world. Between 1810 and 1820, most Spanish American colonies proclaimed their independence. Colombia was among the first South American nations to declare independence.

Combats entre les insurgés de Saint-Domingue et les troupes françaises envoyées par Napoléon Bonaparte (1802-1803)
Combats entre les insurgés de Saint-Domingue et les troupes françaises envoyées par Napoléon Bonaparte (1802-1803)

This happened partly because Spain was distracted by conflicts in Europe.

Revolutionary waves continued to shake the continent through the mid-1800s. Uprisings occurred in Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece in 1820. Larger waves of revolution hit in 1830 and again in 1848. The 1848 movement is famously known as the Spring of Nations.

Erster Freiheitsbaum Mainz
Erster Freiheitsbaum Mainz

During this time, democratic demands often mixed with movements for national unification. People in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Hungary fought for these goals. The era of these massive upheavals ended after the violent repression of the Spring of Nations.

The Age of Revolution was also connected to the Industrial Revolution. This period saw a transition to new manufacturing processes from 1760 to about 1840. Industrialization caused rapid city growth and changes in social classes. An urban middle class emerged and began to demand political power. Economic grievances from these changes helped fuel the revolutions of 1848. Ultimately, these movements established the modern concepts of nationalism and liberal politics. They changed how people viewed the relationship between citizens and their governments.

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File:Erster Freiheitsbaum Mainz.jpg
Erster Freiheitsbaum Mainz.jpg
File:Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg
Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg
File:Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851.jpg
Washington Crossing the Delaware by...
File:Prise de la Bastille, le peuple entre.jpg
Prise de la Bastille, le peuple entre.jpg
File:Combats entre les insurgés de Saint-Domingue et les troupes françaises envoyées par Napoléon Bonaparte (1802-1803).jpg
Combats entre les insurgés de...
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