3C 273

A bright light shines in space. This light is a quasar. It lives in a giant galaxy. It is the first quasar ever found. It is very bright. It shines more than the whole galaxy.

A huge black hole sits in its center. This black hole is very heavy. It is much heavier than our Sun. A long stream of bits shoots out. This stream is called a jet. You can see it with a small telescope. It is a wonderful thing to find.

3C 273 is a very bright quasar. A quasar is a light that is extremely bright. It sits in a giant elliptical galaxy. This galaxy is in the Virgo constellation.

3C 273 was the first quasar ever found. It is the brightest one we can see from Earth. It shines more than 16 times brighter than its whole galaxy.

A supermassive black hole lives at its center. This black hole is very heavy. It has the mass of 900 million Suns. This black hole makes a long stream of bits. We call this a jet. The jet moves at very high speeds. It can be seen by people using small telescopes. People can see it from March to July. The jet makes a bright shape in space. It can even change its direction.

This object is very far away. It is several billion light-years from us. 3C 273 is a special part of our sky.

3C 273 is a very bright object in space called a quasar. It sits at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy. This galaxy is located in the Virgo constellation.

A quasar is an extremely bright object found at a huge distance. 3C 273 is the brightest quasar we can see from Earth. It shines more than 16 times brighter than its entire host galaxy.

Even though it is far away, it is very easy to find. You can see it from March to July in both hemispheres. Amateur astronomers can even see it using a small telescope.

This amazing light comes from a supermassive black hole. This black hole is at the heart of the galaxy. It has a mass about 900 million times that of our Sun. The energy is made through accretion. This is a way that the black hole pulls in nearby material.

As this happens, it creates a large-scale jet of particles. This jet moves at very fast, relativistic speeds. The jet is about 23 arcseconds in apparent size. It even has bright knots of light within it. In 2003, the jet changed its direction by about 2 degrees.

Scientists first found this object in the 1950s. Its name comes from the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources. It was the 273rd object listed in that catalog.

In 1963, Maarten Schmidt and Bev Oke shared a big discovery. They published papers in a journal called Nature. They found that 3C 273 had a large redshift. This measurement showed the object was billions of light-years away. Before this, people did not know what quasars were. They often thought these bright objects were just variable stars.

There are many important numbers tied to 3C 273. Its apparent visual magnitude is about 12.9. This tells us how bright it looks from Earth. Its absolute magnitude is -26.7. This shows its true, massive power. If it were as close as the star Pollux, it would look like the Sun. In fact, it is over 4 trillion times more luminous than the Sun.

It was also one of the first X-ray sources found in 1970. It is a very important tool for mapping the sky.

3C 273 helps us understand how the universe works. It is a prototype of an Active Galactic Nucleus. This means it shows us how black holes power huge amounts of energy.

The jet also creates a cocoon of heated gas around it. This gas might hit a disk of gas near the center. By studying 3C 273, we learn about the most distant parts of space. It connects the tiny movements of particles to the life of a whole galaxy. It remains one of the most important objects for astronomers to study.

3C 273 is a remarkable object known as a quasar. A quasar is an extremely luminous object located at a massive astronomical distance. This specific quasar sits at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy. This host galaxy is located within the constellation of Virgo.

Because of its incredible brightness, 3C 273 is the visually brightest quasar in the sky as seen from Earth. It has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 12.9. This brightness allows it to outshine its entire host galaxy by more than 16 times. For many amateur astronomers, it is the most distant object they are likely to see through a telescope.

The immense energy of 3C 273 comes from a central supermassive black hole. This black hole has a mass of approximately 900 million solar masses. The energy is produced through a process called accretion. Accretion occurs when the black hole pulls in nearby material. This makes 3C 273 a prototype of an Active Galactic Nucleus. This term describes a galaxy with an extremely active and bright center.

The energy produced by this process is so great that no other astrophysical source can match it. The light from this object can change at nearly every wavelength. This includes everything from radio waves to gamma rays. These changes can happen on timescales ranging from a few days to many decades.

A major feature of 3C 273 is its large-scale visible jet. This jet is made of charged particles moving at relativistic speeds. Relativistic speeds mean the particles are moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light. The jet has an apparent size of 23 arcseconds. In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the jet has a structured morphology. This means it has a specific shape consisting of bright knots. These knots are interlaced with areas of weak emission.

The jet is viewed from Earth at an angle of about 6 degrees. In 2003, the jet was observed to change its direction by an intrinsic angle of 2 degrees. This jet also generates an expanding cocoon of heated gas. This gas may be impacting an inclined disk of gas within the central galaxy.

The history of 3C 273 is tied to the discovery of quasars. Its name comes from the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources. It was the 273rd object listed in that 1959 catalog. Astronomers like Cyril Hazard used lunar occultation to find its accurate position. This was done using the Parkes Radio Telescope. In 1963, researchers Maarten Schmidt and Bev Oke published important papers in the journal Nature. They identified that 3C 273 has a substantial redshift of 0.158. A redshift is a measurement that helps determine how far away an object is. This discovery placed the object several billion light-years away. Before this, many scientists thought such bright objects were just variable stars.

3C 273 is one of the most luminous objects known in the universe. Its absolute magnitude is -26.7. This is a measurement of its true brightness regardless of distance. To understand this scale, consider the Sun. The Sun has an absolute magnitude of 4.83. The quasar is over 4 trillion times more luminous than the Sun at visible wavelengths.

If 3C 273 were located as close as the star Pollux, it would appear nearly as bright as the Sun. It was also one of the first extragalactic X-ray sources discovered in 1970. These X-ray emissions are part of the complex radiation coming from the active nucleus.

The host galaxy of 3C 273 provides important context for the quasar. The galaxy is a giant elliptical galaxy. It is classified as E4, which means it has a moderately flattened shape. The galaxy has an estimated mass of 10^12 solar masses. It has an apparent magnitude of 16 and an apparent size of 29 arcseconds.

Because the quasar is so bright, astronomers often use a coronagraph to block its light. This allows them to see the surrounding host galaxy more easily. This technique helps scientists study how the massive black hole interacts with its environment.

3C 273 is a vital tool for modern astronomy and celestial mapping. Its position is used to help define the International Celestial Reference System. Specifically, its right ascension in the Fifth Fundamental Catalog is used to standardize 23 other radio sources. This makes it a fundamental part of how we map the positions of objects in space. By studying the synchrotron radiation from its jets, scientists learn about particle physics. Synchrotron radiation is light emitted by charged particles moving through magnetic fields. 3C 273 connects the study of individual particles to the structure of entire galaxies.