Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🏛️

1900s

history Maturity 11-13 Next article →

The 1900s refers to the decade from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1909.

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902

This period is often called the Edwardian era, which spanned from 1901 to 1910. Sometimes, people use the term "nineteen-hundreds" to describe the entire 20th century. This century includes every year starting with "19" through 1999. The decade was a time of massive shifts in technology and politics. It was also a period of intense global struggle and change. These changes helped set the stage for the modern world.

Technological progress moved very quickly during these ten years. The internal combustion engine saw widespread use during this time. This advancement allowed for the mass production of the automobile.

First Zeppelin ascent
First Zeppelin ascent

Communication and entertainment also changed through new inventions. Reginald Fessenden performed what appeared to be the first audio radio broadcasts. These broadcasts shared music and entertainment with a general audience. In cinema, Edwin S. Porter directed the successful 1903 film "The Great Train Robbery." Later, the world saw its first feature film in 1906.

Albert Einstein in 1905 (cropped)
Albert Einstein in 1905 (cropped)

Aviation also reached a major milestone in 1903. On December 17, the Wright Flyer achieved the first controlled, powered flight. This was the first time a heavier-than-air machine flew in a sustained way.

Global politics were defined by the Scramble for Africa. During this time, several powerful empires expanded their control across the continent. The British Empire conquered the Ashanti Empire and the Sokoto Caliphate. The French Empire took control of Borno. The German Empire conquered the Adamawa Emirate. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Empire conquered the Ovambo.

China imperialism cartoon
China imperialism cartoon

This expansion led to many violent and tragic events. In the Congo Free State, atrocities committed by private companies caused massive loss of life. Estimates suggest the population declined by 1 to 15 million people. In South West Africa, German colonial forces led a campaign from 1904 to 1908. This resulted in the deaths of 24,000 to 100,000 Hereros and 10,000 Nama people.

Conflict also shaped the relationships between major world powers. The Russo-Japanese War was the deadliest conventional war of the decade. It was fought over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. Russia suffered a humiliating defeat during this conflict. This loss contributed to domestic unrest and the Russian Revolution of 1905. In Europe, the First Moroccan and Bosnian crises increased tensions. These political frictions eventually led to World War I in the next decade. Other smaller wars and uprisings occurred in places like the Philippines, China, and Colombia.

Bresci killing
Bresci killing

Natural disasters and famines caused immense suffering during this decade. A major famine occurred in China between 1906 and 1907. This was caused by the 1906 China floods. These floods hit the Huai River particularly hard. The water destroyed both the summer and autumn harvests. This famine may have led to 20 to 25 million deaths.

Tunguska-Map-fr
Tunguska-Map-fr

In 1908, a powerful earthquake struck Messina. This natural disaster caused between 75,000 and 82,000 deaths.

Market Street, San Francisco, in ruins (1906)
Market Street, San Francisco, in ruins (1906)

These events highlight the vulnerability of human populations to nature.

Social movements also saw significant progress, especially regarding women's rights. This era is known for advances in first-wave feminism. Universities began opening their doors to women in Japan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Russia, and Peru. In 1906, Finland became the first European country to grant women the right to vote. In Great Britain and Ireland, the Suffragettes rose to prominence. This movement grew after Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. These shifts represented a major change in how society functioned.

Demographic and cultural trends were also notable. The world population grew from 1.60 billion to 1.75 billion during the decade. This growth included approximately 580 million births and 450 million deaths. Culturally, books like "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" and "Anne of Green Gables" became massive hits. These books sold 45 million and 50 million copies, respectively. The decade left a lasting mark on history through its mix of innovation and hardship. It was a period that connected old traditions to a rapidly changing future.

668 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (46)
File:China imperialism cartoon.jpg
China imperialism cartoon.jpg
File:Tunguska-Map-fr.svg
Tunguska-Map-fr.svg
File:Market Street, San Francisco, in ruins (1906).jpg
Market Street, San Francisco, in ruins (1906).jpg
File:HW Goebel Assassination.png
HW Goebel Assassination.png
File:Bresci killing.jpg
Bresci killing.jpg
File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg
File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg
McKinleyAssassination.jpg
File:Dmitry Sipyagin.jpg
Dmitry Sipyagin.jpg
File:Zola mort.jpg
Zola mort.jpg
File:Hale Johnson (1847-1902) (10506934603) (3).jpg
Hale Johnson (1847-1902) (10506934603) (3).jpg
File:Grigoriy Shcherbina 2023 stamp of Serbia.jpg
Grigoriy Shcherbina 2023 stamp of Serbia.jpg
File:King Alexander I Obrenović of Serbia and Queen Draga, ca. 1900.jpg
King Alexander I Obrenović of Serbia and...

+ 34 more

More to explore

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.