Western canon

Some books and songs are very special.

People call these works classics. They are highly cherished. They include art, music, and stories.

A canon is a list of these works. There is no official list. Experts and schools make their own lists. These lists help us keep great ideas safe. They show us what people value. Many people study these classics to learn.

Some works of art are very special.

People call these works classics. They include great books, music, and art. In the West, people call this the Western canon. This term comes from an old Greek word. It means a measuring rod or a standard.

A canon is a list of these important works. There is no one official list. Instead, many experts and schools make their own.

Some people study these works to learn big ideas. They use these books to learn about history. Some schools even have Great Books programs. In these programs, students read primary texts. These are the original books written by famous thinkers. For example, they might read Plato.

People often talk about the canon today. Some say the lists should change. They want to include more diverse voices. They want to include people from many cultures. Others say the old classics are still very important. They believe these works hold truths that last a long time. The debate about what belongs on the list never ends.

The Western canon is a special collection of ideas.

It includes famous books, music, philosophy, and art. People in the Western world cherish these works as classics. A classic is any work that is seen as excellent.

Some people call this collection the embodiment of high culture. It is not just one single list of books. Instead, it is a group of works people value deeply. There is no official panel of experts who decide it. It is an idea that people have discussed for a long time.

The word canon comes from an ancient Greek word. This word means a measuring rod or a standard. In the past, being in a canon was very important. It helped ensure that a book would be kept safe. For example, early Christian leaders chose certain texts to preserve. They did this because making books was very expensive. They used materials like papyrus and vellum to save them. This way, the best information about a civilization stayed alive.

Scholars even used special terms in the ancient Alexandrian Library.

Many schools use these works to teach students.

In the 1920s, a man named John Erskine started a movement. He worked at Columbia University in the United States. He wanted to start Great Books programs to help education. These programs focus on reading primary texts. A primary text is an original work by a thinker. Students might read the "Republic" by Plato.

They might also study the "Divine Comedy" by Dante. These programs often use small classes and group discussions. This helps students build a community of learning together.

Different people have made many different lists of these works.

One famous critic named Harold Bloom wrote about major writers. He included names like William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. He also listed Dante Alighieri and Leo Tolstoy. Another large list was the Modern Library. By the 1950s, that list had more than 300 items. It included authors from Aristotle to Albert Camus.

Some lists are even published as large book collections. These can be found in many different libraries today.

Today, people have many different ideas about the canon.

Some people believe the lists should be more diverse. They want to include more voices from different cultures. They want to include more women and different languages. Others believe the old classics are still very important. They think these works hold universal truths for everyone. This debate about who decides what is important continues. The process of defining these boundaries never truly ends.

The Western canon represents a collection of high-culture literature, music, philosophy, and art.

These works are highly cherished across the Western world and are often called classics. A classic is any work of art that is accepted as being exemplary or noteworthy. It is important to understand that there is no official list of works. No recognized panel of experts or scholars has ever agreed upon a single, definitive Western Canon. Instead, it is an idea regarding a corpus of great works that has been discussed for over a century.

The concept of a canon has deep historical roots. The word itself comes from the ancient Greek term *kanṓn*, which means a "measuring rod" or "standard." In the second century, the Roman writer Aulus Gellius used the term *classicus* to describe a distinguished writer rather than a commonplace one. In the ancient world, scholars at the Alexandrian Library used Greek terms to identify writers who were "included" in the canon. Later, early Christian Church Fathers declared certain texts of the New Testament as canon. This was a practical necessity because producing books on vellum or papyrus was very expensive. By establishing a canon, these groups ensured that the most important information about their civilization would be preserved.

Because the canon is an idea rather than a fixed list, different people have organized it in various ways. A canon can be presented as a published collection of books, such as the *Great Books of the Western World*. It might also appear as a specific reading list provided by an academic with an official imprimatur. For example, the literary critic Harold Bloom provided a list of major Western writers.

His list included figures such as Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, William Shakespeare, and Leo Tolstoy. Other organizations, like the Modern Library, have also created large lists. By the 1950s, the Modern Library list included more than 300 items, ranging from the philosopher Aristotle to the author Albert Camus.

Educational institutions have developed specific methods to study these works through Great Books programs.

This movement began in the United States during the 1920s, led by John Erskine of Columbia University. Erskine and other educators, including Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler, wanted to improve higher education. They believed that narrow specialization in colleges was harming the quality of learning. They proposed returning to a tradition of broad, cross-disciplinary study. These programs focus on engagement with primary texts, which are the original works of thinkers. Students might study Plato's *Republic* or Dante's *Divine Comedy* through small classes and intense discussion groups.

Today, the Western canon is the subject of significant debate regarding diversity and inclusion.

Many critics argue that the canon needs to be more encompassing of different cultures and identities. There are calls to include more women writers and more people from diverse backgrounds. Some discussions focus on the dominance of English-speaking British and American cultures. These critics suggest the canon should include more artists and mathematicians whose primary language is not English. This movement seeks to broaden the canon to include often overlooked periods in music and visual arts.

However, some intellectuals defend the traditional canon and its perceived value.

For instance, Allan Bloom argued in his 1987 book, *The Closing of the American Mind*, that ignorance of the classics can lead to moral degradation. He suggested that students are often more excited and satisfied when the Great Books are central to their curriculum. Other defenders, like the classicist Bernard Knox, have argued for the continued relevance of classical culture to modern society. Some view these debates as a conflict between those who believe in universal truths and those who follow postmodernism or critical theory.

Ultimately, the process of defining the boundaries of the canon is considered an endless task. Philosophers like John Searle have noted that there was never a truly fixed canon. Instead, there has always been a set of tentative judgments regarding quality and importance. These judgments are constantly being revised as society changes. Some scholars, such as Todd M. Compton, argue that there is no such thing as one absolute canon. Instead, there are many different, often conflicting, canons that exist within different academic departments or communities.