Organic chemistry

Tiny parts make up everything that lives.

These parts are built from carbon. Carbon can join with other things. It can join with hydrogen to make fuel. It can join with oxygen or nitrogen too.

Scientists study how these parts work. They use them to make new things. They make medicines to help people. They also make plastics and dyes. This study helps us understand life. It is a very big and busy world.

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon. Carbon is a tiny part of matter. It is found in all living things.

Carbon atoms can link together in many ways. They can make single or double bonds. These bonds create many different shapes.

Scientists study how these parts work. They look at how they change. This helps them make new things. They can make drugs to help sick people. They also make plastics and fuels.

Some plastics are used to make things like swimming boards.

Long ago, people had a different idea. They thought living things had a special force. They called this vitalism. But in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler proved them wrong.

He made a substance called urea in a lab. He did not use a living thing to make it. This showed that organic things follow the same rules as other matter. Today, scientists use tools to study these tiny parts. They use machines to see how atoms connect. This helps them build complex things like vitamins.

This is a big and important field of science.

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based matter. It looks at the structure and properties of organic compounds. These compounds are the building blocks for all life on Earth.

Carbon atoms are very special because they have a valence of four. This means they can form single, double, or triple bonds. They can even link together in a large carbon lattice. This ability creates a huge variety of different shapes and structures. Because of this, organic chemistry is a very large field of science.

Scientists study how these molecules react and change. They use a process called chemical synthesis to build new things. This might involve making natural products or new drugs. They can also create polymers, which are long chains of molecules.

Some scientists use computers to study these molecules in a digital way. They also use special tools to see how atoms connect. One common tool is NMR spectroscopy, which helps map the connections between atoms. Other methods include mass spectrometry to find a molecule's weight.

In the past, people believed in an idea called vitalism. They thought living things had a "vital force" that non-living things lacked.

This changed in 1828 thanks to Friedrich Wöhler. He made urea, a part of urine, from non-living materials. This proved that organic matter follows the same rules as other matter. Later, in 1856, William Henry Perkin accidentally made a purple dye. This discovery helped make organic chemistry much more popular.

Many important discoveries happened during the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1858, Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper described how carbon atoms link. By the late 1890s, the company Bayer made aspirin.

In the early 1900s, Adolf von Baeyer developed ways to make synthetic indigo. This changed how much indigo was taken from plants. In 2002, humans produced 17,000 tons of synthetic indigo from petrochemicals. Scientists have even learned to build very complex molecules like vitamin B12.

You can see organic chemistry in your everyday life. It is the basis for many products you use. This includes medicines, fuels, and even plastics.

It also helps us understand biochemistry, which is the study of living things. Many organic compounds are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix well with water. However, they dissolve well in other organic solvents. From the food we eat to the clothes we wear, organic chemistry is everywhere.

Organic chemistry is a major branch of chemistry. It is the scientific study of organic compounds and organic materials. These materials are defined as matter that contains carbon atoms.

This field is vital because organic compounds form the basis of all life on Earth. They also make up the majority of all known chemicals. Scientists in this field study the structure of these materials. They determine structural formulas to see how atoms are arranged. They also analyze physical and chemical properties to understand how substances behave. By evaluating chemical reactivity, they can predict how compounds will change during reactions.

The unique behavior of organic chemistry comes from the carbon atom itself. Carbon has a valence of four. This means it can form four chemical bonds with other atoms. It can create single, double, or triple bonds. Carbon can also form structures with delocalized electrons. These bonding patterns allow carbon atoms to link together into a large lattice. This ability makes organic compounds incredibly diverse in their shapes and structures.

Because of this diversity, organic chemistry overlaps with many other fields. It connects to organometallic chemistry, which studies carbon-metal bonds. It also links to biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science.

Scientists use several methods to build and study these molecules. One primary method is chemical synthesis. This is the process of making new substances through chemical reactions. Scientists use synthesis to create natural products, new drugs, and polymers. Polymers are long chains of molecules.

Researchers study these molecules in physical laboratories or through theoretical in silico studies using computers. They can also perform total synthesis. This is the multi-step process used to build very complex organic molecules from scratch. Scientists have successfully used total synthesis to create molecules like glucose, terpineol, and vitamin B12.

Before the 19th century, people believed in a theory called vitalism. This theory suggested that organic matter possessed a unique "vital force." People thought this force distinguished living things from non-living things. This belief changed through several key discoveries. In 1816, Michel Chevreul studied soaps made from fats and alkalis. He showed that he could change fats into new compounds without a "vital force." In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler achieved a major breakthrough. He synthesized urea, a component of urine, from inorganic salts.

This event is widely accepted as the moment vitalism was disproved.

As the field grew, new discoveries drove even more interest. In 1856, William Henry Perkin accidentally created a purple dye called Perkin's mauve. This discovery was a financial success and increased interest in the science. In 1858, Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed the concept of chemical structure. They proposed that carbon atoms link to form a lattice. By the late 1890s, the company Bayer began manufacturing acetylsalicylic acid, known as aspirin.

In the early 20th century, Adolf von Baeyer developed synthetic methods for indigo. This changed the industry significantly. In 1897, 19,000 tons of indigo came from plants. By 1914, that number dropped to 1,000 tons. By 2002, 17,000 tons of synthetic indigo were produced from petrochemicals.

To understand these complex mixtures, scientists use advanced characterization techniques. Many organic compounds are analyzed using chromatography to check for purity. This includes methods like HPLC and gas chromatography. Traditional "wet methods" used chemical tests, but these are now often replaced by computer-intensive methods. One of the most common tools is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It allows scientists to map how atoms are connected.

Mass spectrometry is another essential tool. It tells researchers the molecular weight and structure of a compound. Crystallography is also used to determine molecular geometry if a single crystal is available. These tools allow for the precise study of everything from simple hydrocarbons to complex antibiotics like cefalotin.

Organic compounds have specific physical properties that scientists measure. Many organic compounds melt or boil, which helps identify their purity. These points often relate to the weight and polarity of the molecules. Some substances, like the mothball component para-dichlorobenzene, can sublime. Most organic compounds are not stable above 300 °C. Solubility is another important factor. Most neutral organic compounds are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve well in water. Instead, they tend to dissolve in organic solvents. This characteristic is important for everything from industrial lubricants to the medicines used in chemotherapy.