Essential oil

Plants have a special smell. This smell is a tiny oil.

We get it from parts like leaves or bark.

One way to get oil is with steam. Hot steam passes through the plant. This turns the oil into a mist.

We can also squeeze fruit skins. This works well for oranges. It is a cheap way to get oil.

People use these oils in many ways. They go in soap and perfume. They can even flavor food.

Be careful with these oils. They can hurt your skin. They can also make you sick if eaten.

Plants have a special scent. This scent comes from tiny amounts of liquid. We call this liquid essential oil.

These oils are not food. They are called essential because they hold the plant's smell.

There are different ways to make these oils. One way is called distillation. This uses steam to pull the oil out. First, plant parts like leaves or roots go into a tool. Steam passes through the plants. This turns the oil into a mist. Then, the mist cools down and turns back into liquid.

This process can also make plant water. We call this plant water a hydrosol.

Another way is called cold pressing. This is used for citrus fruits like oranges. People squeeze the fruit skins to get the oil. This method is cheaper than others.

People use these oils in many things. They go in soaps, perfumes, and cleaners. Some oils even help keep bugs away. But you must be careful. These oils can hurt your skin. They can also be toxic if you eat them.

Essential oils are special liquids made from plants. They contain the fragrance or essence of the plant they come from.

These oils are made of compounds that evaporate easily. This is why they are called volatile oils. People use them in many things like perfumes and soaps. They also add scents to cleaning products and food. You might even see them used in aromatherapy.

However, these oils are not a required part of a diet. The word "essential" just describes their strong scent.

There are a few ways to make these oils. One way is called steam distillation. First, plant parts like leaves or roots go into a tool called an alembic. Steam passes through these parts to turn the oil into vapor. This vapor then goes through a condenser to turn back into liquid.

This liquid is collected in a vessel called a florentine flask. This process can also create a fragrant plant water called a hydrosol. Examples of hydrosols include rose water and orange blossom water. Another way is called cold pressing. This method uses mechanical squeezing on the rinds of citrus fruits.

Citrus oils are often cheaper to make than other oils. This is because citrus fruits have a lot of oil in their peels. It is also cheap to grow and harvest these fruits. Lemon and sweet orange oils are often made as byproducts of the citrus industry.

Some oils are produced in huge amounts every year. For example, data from the 1990s shows sweet orange oil production reached 12,000 tonnes. Peppermint production was estimated at 3,200 tonnes. Other large producers include cedarwood at 2,600 tonnes and lemon at 2,300 tonnes. Eucalyptus globulus reached 2,070 tonnes during that time.

Essential oils can be very useful as natural pesticides. Some oils can repel insects or stop them from growing. Research shows oils like peppermint, basil, and cedarwood can work well. Some even work as well as DEET, which is a common mosquito repellent. These oils are often used as "green" pesticides because they are better for the environment. They are used to protect crops and indoor plants. In the European Union, some oils are even authorized for specific jobs. For instance, citronella oil is used as a herbicide. Melaleuca oil is used as a fungicide.

Even though they are useful, you must use them very carefully. Essential oils can be toxic if you swallow them. They can also cause skin irritation or allergic reactions.

Some oils, like tea tree oil, can cause contact dermatitis. In Australia, eucalyptus oil has caused many cases of poisoning in children. Between 2014 and 2018, there were 4,412 poisoning incidents in New South Wales. It is important to remember that these oils are very strong. They can cause a burning feeling or even hormone disruption. Always handle them with great care.

Essential oils are complex liquids made of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds. These compounds are obtained from various parts of plant material. The term "essential" refers to the oil containing the fragrance or essence of the plant. It does not mean the oil is a nutritional requirement for the body. These substances are also known as volatile oils or ethereal oils. They are used widely in perfumes, cosmetics, and soaps. People also use them to flavor food and drink. They can even be added to household cleaning products.

There are specific ways to produce these oils. According to ISO standards, producers use steam distillation, dry distillation, or mechanical manipulation. Mechanical manipulation is often called cold pressing. This method is used for the rinds of citrus fruits. Other methods like solvent extraction are not accepted by ISO. These other methods actually result in different products like concretes or absolutes.

Distillation is a common process for oils like lavender and peppermint. First, raw plant material is placed into an apparatus called an alembic. This material can include flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, or seeds. The alembic connects to a steam generator for indirect steam distillation. In direct steam distillation, the material is placed over water. As water heats, steam passes through the plant material. This steam vaporizes the volatile compounds. The vapors then flow through a condenser. The condenser turns the vapors back into a liquid. This liquid is collected in a receiving vessel called a florentine flask. This process also creates a fragrant water called a hydrosol. Examples of hydrosols include rose water and orange blossom water.

Citrus oils are produced through a different method called expression. This involves mechanically squeezing the citrus peel. Because citrus peels contain large quantities of oil, these oils are cheaper to produce. It is also inexpensive to grow and harvest the raw materials. Consequently, lemon and sweet orange oils are often byproducts of the citrus industry. Production volumes for these oils are quite large. Data from the 1989 to 1994 period shows sweet orange oil production reached 12,000 tonnes. Peppermint production was estimated at 3,200 tonnes. Cedarwood reached 2,600 tonnes, while lemon reached 2,300 tonnes. Eucalyptus globulus production was 2,070 tonnes. Clove leaf and Litsea cubeba both reached 2,000 tonnes.

Essential oils have significant potential as natural pesticides. They can repel insects or inhibit their digestion. Some oils can even stunt growth or decrease reproduction rates in pests. These molecules are usually non-toxic to mammals. This allows them to be used as "green" pesticides. Research has studied oils like rose, thyme, and basil for this purpose. Some oils may even match the effectiveness of DEET. DEET is a common chemical used to repel mosquitoes. Because the vapor stage is short-lived, scientists use creams or polymers. These mixtures help elongate the time the oil remains effective. In the European Union, several oils are authorized for specific uses. For example, Melaleuca oil acts as a fungicide. Citronella oil is used as a herbicide.

Many essential oils are recognized as safe for food use. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies many as Generally Recognized as Safe, or GRAS. This list includes many botanical sources. For instance, Cinnamomum cassia is used for Chinese cinnamon. Mentha species are used for menthol. Citrus sinensis is used for orange. Even many spices like nutmeg and cardamom are on this list. These oils have been used as food preservatives throughout history. The GRAS classification helped formalize their use in the 20th century.

However, improper use of essential oils can cause serious harm. They can be toxic if they are ingested or absorbed through the skin. Some oils, such as tea tree oil, may cause contact dermatitis. This is a type of skin inflammation. Others, like menthol, can cause a sensation of cold followed by burning. Some oils may even cause hormone disruption. In Australia, eucalyptus oil has caused many cases of poisoning. This is especially true for children. Between 2014 and 2018, New South Wales reported 4,412 poisoning incidents.

Users should always exercise caution when handling these concentrated substances.