Discrimination against atheists

Some people do not believe in a god. This is called being an atheist.

In the past, many people were not kind to them. This was often because of their beliefs. Some leaders even made unfair laws.

These laws made life very hard. Some people could not get jobs. Others could not go to school.

Today, many lands have rules to help. These rules say everyone should be free to think.

It is important to respect all people. Do you think being kind helps everyone?

Some people do not believe in a god. These people are called atheists. In many places, atheists face unfair treatment. This is called discrimination.

In the past, life was very different. In ancient times, religion was part of every day. Many people lived in groups with shared beliefs. People who did not follow those beliefs were often treated poorly. During the early modern period, some leaders thought atheism was a threat to society. In some cases, people were even punished or killed for their views.

In the 1800s, things began to change in places like Britain. A man named Charles Bradlaugh was elected to Parliament. However, he had a hard time taking his seat. He was not allowed to swear a religious oath. He finally took his seat many years later.

Today, many countries have rules to protect people. The United Nations has rules for freedom of thought. These rules say people can choose their own beliefs. In many Western countries, atheists can hold jobs and lead governments. However, some people still hold negative views. In some parts of the world, atheists still face very hard times.

Discrimination against atheists is when people are treated unfairly because they do not believe in a god. This unfair treatment is sometimes called atheophobia or anti-atheism. It can show up as mean attitudes, fear, or even hatred. Sometimes, people will act like atheists do not even exist. In many parts of the world, people still distrust the morals of those without religious beliefs. Even in countries that are not religious, people can still have these prejudices.

History shows that these views have changed over many centuries. In ancient times, most people followed many different gods. Scholars like Tim Whitmarsh believe atheism existed back then too. However, it was hard to study because most writings from that time were unkind to atheists. In the middle ages, religion was part of almost everything people did. Life was guided by church bells and religious rules. Because of this, leaders often felt that denying a god threatened their power. This led to many people being punished for their views.

During the early modern period, the word "atheist" was often used as an insult. It was used for many different kinds of people. It could be used for people who were seen as immoral or even those who disagreed with religious leaders. During the Inquisition, some people were even killed for what they believed. For example, a man named Etienne Dolet was executed in 1546. Another man named Giulio Cesare Vanini was killed in 1619. Even famous thinkers like Baruch Spinoza faced trouble from their own communities.

In the 1800s, things began to shift in places like Britain. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was expelled from his university for his views. For a long time, people had to swear Christian oaths to give evidence in court. This changed in 1869 and 1870 when new laws were passed. A man named Charles Bradlaugh was elected to Parliament in 1880. He had a hard time because he would not swear a religious oath. He had to fight for many years before he could finally take his seat in 1886.

Today, there are international rules to help protect everyone's thoughts. The United Nations says that people have the right to choose their own beliefs. This includes the right to be an atheist. Most Western democracies have laws to protect this freedom. In many European countries, atheists can even be leaders in government. However, some places are still very difficult for atheists. In some Muslim countries, atheism is still a crime that can lead to death. Even in places like Brazil, studies show that some people still hold very negative views.

Discrimination against atheists is the unfair treatment of people who do not believe in a god. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as atheophobia, atheistophobia, or anti-atheism. It can manifest as prejudice, hostility, or even a total denial of an atheist's existence. Often, this discrimination is rooted in a deep distrust of an atheist's moral character. Even in secular countries, there is a global prevalence of mistrust regarding the moral perceptions of those without religious beliefs. This social tension exists because atheism can be defined in many different ways. Consequently, people persecuted for their views might not have been labeled atheists in different historical contexts.

In the ancient world, atheism likely existed, though it is difficult to study. Scholar Tim Whitmarsh argues that atheists were present, but most surviving references are disparaging. Because monotheism was a minority view in antiquity, atheism often targeted polytheistic practices. The Greek word "atheos," meaning godless, was also used for general religious dissenters. This complicates our understanding of ancient atheism. While persecution occurred, it was relatively rare in ancient times. This rarity may have been due to the small size of atheist groups. It may also have been due to a relative tolerance for different religious views during that era.

During the Middle Ages, religion dominated almost every aspect of human life. Historian Karen Armstrong noted that religion saturated professional, public, and even academic life. Church bells signaled the daily activities of men and women. Because governmental authority often rested on "divine right," denying a god threatened political order. This led to the legal persecution of various groups, including early Christians, Jews, and Sufi Muslims. In the early modern period, the term "atheist" became a broad insult. It was applied to people with opposing theological views, those who committed suicide, or even those who disagreed with beliefs regarding witchcraft. Philosophers like Thomas Aquinas argued that atheism threatened the stability of society.

Legal and religious institutions during the early modern period were often harsh. Lawyer Thomas More argued that religious tolerance should exclude those who denied a deity or the immortality of the soul. John Locke, a founder of modern religious liberty, believed atheists should not have full citizenship rights. During the Inquisition, many accused of atheism or blasphemy faced torture or execution. Notable examples include the Frenchman Etienne Dolet, who was executed in 1546. In 1619, the priest Giulio Cesare Vanini was strangled and burned. The Polish nobleman Kazimierz Łyszczyński was also executed in Warsaw. While some were called atheist martyrs in the 19th century, modern scholars suggest their beliefs were not atheistic by modern standards. Baruch Spinoza was also excommunicated from his Jewish community in Amsterdam, though he did not claim to be an atheist.

In the 19th century, British atheists faced significant social and legal hurdles. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was expelled from the University of Oxford for his views. He was also denied custody of his two children after publishing a pamphlet on atheism. For many years, people had to swear Christian oaths to give evidence in court. This requirement was not repealed until Acts were passed in 1869 and 1870. In 1880, Charles Bradlaugh was elected to the British Parliament. However, he was denied his seat because he would not swear a religious oath. He was re-elected three times before the Speaker finally allowed him to take the oath in 1886.

Extreme persecution occurred during the 20th century under totalitarian regimes. In Francoist Spain, the killing of leftists was partially justified by the goal of eliminating non-Catholic atheists. Some argue these mass killings amounted to genocide. In Nazi Germany, a 1933 decree stated that National Socialists should not suffer detriment for having no religious profession. However, the regime simultaneously banned atheist organizations, such as the German Freethinkers League, which had 500,000 members. Adolf Hitler claimed to have "stamped out" the atheistic movement. By 1939, only 1.5% of Germans were considered without faith. Heinrich Himmler even barred atheists from the SS, calling them "unsuited" for service because they refused to acknowledge higher powers.

Modern human rights frameworks aim to protect the right to non-belief. Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights protects freedom of thought and conscience. In 1993, the UN declared that these protections include atheistic beliefs. Signatories are barred from using force to compel people to change their beliefs. In most Western constitutional democracies, legal discrimination against atheists is uncommon. Most of these nations use the separation of church and state to protect individual rights. However, social prejudice still exists. For example, a study showed that atheists in some areas faced lower employment prospects. In Brazil, a 2009 survey found atheists were among the most hated demographic groups. In Europe, while atheists can hold high office, some religious influence remains in education and government processes.