Denmark–Norway

Long ago, two lands were one.

They were called Denmark and Norway. They had many people.

They had many lands far away. These lands were in places like India.

They also had lands in Africa.

Kings ruled these lands. One king was named Christian IV. He was very rich.

Ships moved through the water. They paid a tax to pass. This helped the kings.

Later, the two lands split apart. They became separate again. It was a big change for the people.

Long ago, Denmark and Norway were joined together. This union lasted from the 1500s to the 1800s.

Many different people lived in these lands. Most were Danes, Norwegians, or Germans. Other groups lived in places like Iceland and Greenland. The kings also ruled lands far away. They had colonies in Africa, India, and the West Indies.

Denmark and Norway were often called the Twin Kingdoms. They had their own money and laws. But the main power was in Copenhagen. This was the capital city in Denmark.

Ships used to sail through the water near Denmark. They had to pay a tax to pass. This tax made the kings very rich. One king, Christian IV, used this money to build new cities.

In 1814, a treaty changed things. Norway was given to Sweden. Norway did not want this. They fought a war to stay free. Later, Norway and Sweden were joined again in a new way. This lasted until 1905. Then, they finally became separate nations again.

Denmark–Norway was a large and diverse union of lands. It lasted from the 1500s until 1814. This union joined the Kingdom of Denmark with the Kingdom of Norway. It also included places like the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland.

The union was made of many different people. Most were Danes, Norwegians, or Germans. Other groups included the Sami, Inuit, Faroese, and Icelanders. The kings also ruled far away colonies. They had lands in West Africa, the Caribbean, and India.

This union worked in a few different ways. For a long time, the kings had limited power. They were chosen by a vote. But in 1660, everything changed. The government became an absolute monarchy. This meant the King had almost all the power. A special rule called the King's Law made this official in 1665.

Even though they were joined, the two kingdoms were like twins. They had their own laws and their own money. Most of the big decisions happened in Copenhagen. This was the capital city in Denmark.

The union began because of old family ties. In 1380, Olaf II of Denmark became the King of Norway. He did this after his father, Haakon VI, died. Later, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formed the Kalmar Union in 1397. Sweden left that union in 1523. After that, Denmark and Norway stayed together. They formed a personal union that grew into the integrated state we call Denmark–Norway.

This union was based on the title of the Oldenburg royal family.

Money played a huge part in how this state grew. The kings controlled the water near Denmark. Ships had to pay a tax called the Sound Toll to pass through. This tax was a huge part of the state's income. One king, Christian IV, became very wealthy from these tolls. He used the money to build many new cities. He also started the Danish East India Company. This helped the kingdom start colonies in places like Serampore and Tranquebar in India.

History shows that these lands often faced hard times. Denmark–Norway fought many wars to protect its power. They fought Sweden in the Kalmar War and the Northern Seven Years' War. They also fought in the Thirty Years' War in Germany.

In 1814, a treaty called the Treaty of Kiel changed everything. It said Norway should go to Sweden. Norway did not agree and fought a war to stay free. Later, Norway and Sweden joined in a much looser union. This lasted until 1905 when they finally became separate nations again.

Denmark–Norway was a massive multi-national and multi-lingual union. It existed from the 16th century until 1814. This state combined the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Norway. It also included the Duchy of Schleswig and the Duchy of Holstein.

The union held many overseas territories as well. These included the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. At its peak, the empire covered about 2,655,564.76 square kilometers. The state even held colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and India.

The people living in this union were very diverse. Most inhabitants were Danes, Norwegians, or Germans. However, many other groups lived within the borders. These included the Faroese and the Icelanders. The Inuit lived in the North Atlantic possessions. The Sami people lived in northern Norway. The state also claimed sovereignty over the Frisians, Gutes, and Wends. Because of this diversity, many languages were spoken. Danish and German were the primary official languages. Still, people locally spoke Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Sami, and Greenlandic.

The union grew from long-standing family connections. In 1380, Olaf II of Denmark became King of Norway. He inherited the throne after his father, Haakon VI, died. Later, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formed the Kalmar Union in 1397. Sweden eventually left that union in 1523. This left Denmark and Norway together in a personal union. Over time, this developed into the integrated state known as Denmark–Norway. The name comes from the official title of the Oldenburg dynasty. Their full title was "King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths."

Governance in the union changed significantly over time. Before 1660, it was a constitutional and elective monarchy. This meant the King's power was somewhat limited by rules. However, in 1660, the system shifted to an absolute monarchy. This made the King one of the most powerful rulers in Europe. This change was formalized in 1665 through the King's Law.

Even with this centralization, the two kingdoms were often called the "Twin Kingdoms." They maintained separate legal codes and separate currencies. They also kept mostly separate governing institutions.

Wealth was a major factor in the state's power. Much of the money came from the Sound Tolls. These were taxes on ships passing through the Oresund strait. The tolls provided two-thirds of the state's total income. This wealth allowed kings like Christian IV to become very rich.

Christian IV used this money to found many new cities. He founded Glückstadt, Christiania, Christianshavn, Christianstad, and Christianssand. He also started the Danish East India Company. This company helped establish colonies in India, such as Serampore and Tranquebar. The last Indian settlements were sold to the United Kingdom in 1845.

Denmark–Norway also fought several major wars to protect its interests. The state fought Sweden in the Northern Seven Years' War and the Kalmar War. During the Kalmar War, Denmark–Norway took the city of Kalmar. This led to the Treaty of Knäred in 1613. The treaty included the Älvsborg Ransom, a large payment from Sweden.

Christian IV also entered the Thirty Years' War. He fought alongside Protestant states against Catholic forces. However, a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter in 1626 ended his involvement. This war showed how difficult it was to maintain influence in German affairs.

The end of the union came through international treaties and conflict. In 1814, the Treaty of Kiel was signed. This treaty decreed that Norway be ceded to Sweden. This ruling excluded the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. Norway did not recognize this treaty. This led to the Swedish–Norwegian War of 1814. After this, Norway entered a much looser personal union with Sweden. This new arrangement lasted until 1905. At that time, the union was peacefully dissolved.

The overseas territories, however, remained part of Denmark after 1814.