Cable car (railway)

A cable car rides on metal tracks.

A long rope moves under the street. The rope moves at one speed. The car uses a grip to grab the rope. This makes the car move.

To stop, the car lets go of the rope. It can also use brakes. This helps the car go up steep hills.

Many cities used these cars long ago. They were better than using horses. Horses had to rest and eat a lot.

San Francisco still has these cars today. They are the oldest ones left!

A cable car is a special kind of train.

It does not have its own engine to move. Instead, it uses a long cable under the street. This cable moves at a steady speed.

To move, the car uses a tool called a grip. The grip is like a large pair of pliers. It grabs the moving cable to pull the car along.

To stop, the driver lets go of the cable. They also use brakes to stay still.

Many cities used these cars a long time ago. They were better than using horses. Horses needed a lot of food and rest. Cable cars could carry many people easily. In Chicago, some cars even pulled three trailers at once.

Most cities now use electric trams. These are easier and cheaper to run. But San Francisco still has its cable cars. They are the oldest and largest system left in the world.

A cable car is a special type of railway used to move many people.

Unlike a normal train, these cars do not have their own engines. Instead, they are pulled by a long cable that runs under the street. This cable moves at a constant speed all the time. The cars are different from funiculars because they are not permanently attached to the cable. This means a cable car can stop or start whenever it needs to.

To make the car move, a device called a grip is used. The grip acts like a large pair of pliers that clamps onto the moving cable. When the grip applies pressure, the car begins to move along the tracks. To stop, the operator releases the pressure on the cable and uses brakes. This must be done very carefully and gradually. If the grip is applied too fast, the movement might be too jarring for the passengers.

People began using cable systems a long time ago. The Fawdon Wagonway in 1826 was the first to use a moving rope that cars could grab. Later, the London and Blackwall Railway started in 1840, but its ropes wore out too quickly. In America, the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway ran in New York City from 1868 to 1870. Eventually, Andrew Smith Hallidie helped create the San Francisco system in 1873. His design for the grips became a model for many other cities.

Cable cars spread to many places around the world. The Dunedin cable tramway opened in New Zealand in 1881. In Australia, the Melbourne system was huge and had 1,200 trams by 1940. Chicago had the largest and most profitable system, which opened in 1882. In Chicago, one grip car could even pull a train of three trailers. Many cities chose cable cars because they were better than using horses. Horses needed much care, including food, housing, and rest in large stables.

Today, most cities use electric trolleys or trams instead. Electric systems are cheaper to build and easier to run than cables. However, cable cars are still very useful for climbing steep hills. This is because they do not rely on the grip between wheels and rails. San Francisco is the only city left with a manual cable car system on the streets. You can still see these historic cars working in that city today.

A cable car is a specialized type of mass transit railway. It uses a continuously moving cable to haul rail cars along a fixed route. This cable runs at a constant speed through a slot between the tracks. Unlike a funicular, where cars are permanently attached to the cable, cable cars are independent. They can stop and start by engaging or releasing a mechanism. This flexibility allows many different cars to use the same moving cable system.

The mechanism relies on a central powerhouse to move the system. This powerhouse contains engines or motors that drive the large winding drums. These drums pull the continuous cable through the street. To move, a car uses a clamping device called a grip. The grip acts like a large pair of pliers. It applies pressure to the moving cable to pull the car forward.

To stop, the operator must release the pressure on the cable. They then apply brakes to bring the car to a halt. This process must be done gradually. If the grip is applied too quickly, the movement becomes jarring for the passengers.

Cable car systems can be organized in several different ways. Some cities use a single grip car to pull one trailer. San Francisco uses "California Cars," which combine the grip and the trailer into one unit. Chicago took a different approach to increase capacity. In Chicago, a single grip car could pull a train of up to three trailers. This was useful because Chicago was relatively flat. In such cities, the main goal was moving many people rather than climbing hills.

The history of cable transit began with early industrial railways. The Fawdon Wagonway in 1826 was the first to use a moving rope that cars could pick up. In 1840, the London and Blackwall Railway began hauling passengers in England. However, the ropes used then wore out too quickly. In America, the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway operated from 1868 to 1870. The most influential design came from Andrew Smith Hallidie in 1873. His work on the San Francisco system created grips that became a global model.

As the technology improved, cable cars spread to many major cities. The Dunedin cable tramway in New Zealand opened in 1881. In Australia, the Melbourne system became one of the largest in the world. By 1940, it operated 1,200 trams and trailers across 15 routes. Chicago also saw massive success with its system starting in 1882. Many cities adopted cable cars to replace horse-drawn transit. Using horses was expensive because animals required large stables. They also needed constant food, grooming, and medical care.

Despite their popularity, cable cars eventually faced competition. By 1890, electrically-powered trolleys and trams became the new norm. Electric systems were cheaper to build and simpler to operate. Many cities, including London and Chicago, eventually switched to electric traction. San Francisco remains the only city with a street-running, manually operated system. However, cable technology has seen a modern revival in different forms. Today, automatic people movers use cable traction in airports and large hospital centers.

There are unique physical advantages to using cable traction. On steep grades, cable cars do not depend on the adhesion between wheels and rails. This means they can climb hills more reliably than many other vehicles. The cable also acts as a natural speed limiter for descending cars. However, the system is not perfectly efficient. In San Francisco, about 95% of the energy is used just to move the cables. This energy is spent moving the cables over guide rollers and around sheaves.